Martial Arts Girl Runs at Man and Wraps Legs Around Neck

Martial art

"Gracie jiu-jitsu" redirects here. For the book past Helio Gracie, run across Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (volume).

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

Romulo Barral (bottom) with a Triangle Asphyxiate at the 2009 World Jiu-Jitsu Championship
Also known as	BJJ, Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, Gi/Nogi Jiu-Jitsu, Submission Grappling Portuguese name: Jiu-jitsu brasileiro Japanese name: グレイシー柔術 (Gureishī Jūjutsu)
Focus	Ground fighting, Submission Grappling, Grappling
Hardness	full contact
Land of origin	Brazil
Creator	Kanō Jigorō, Tomita Tsunejirō, Mitsuyo Maeda, Takeo Yano, Soshihiro Satake, Geo Omori,[1] Jachintho Ferro,[2] Donato Pires dos Reis,[2] Carlos Gracie, George Gracie, Oswaldo Gracie, Hélio Gracie,[three] Luiz França, Oswaldo Fadda
Famous practitioners	See full listing
Parenthood	Kodokan judo, Japanese Jujutsu (via Judo), Wrestling

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ; ; Portuguese: [ˈʒiw ˈʒitsu], [ˈʒu ˈʒitsu], jiu-jitsu brasileiro) is a martial art and combat sport based on ground fighting (ne-waza) and submission holds. BJJ focuses on the skill of taking an opponent to the ground, controlling one's opponent, gaining a dominant position, and using a number of techniques to forcefulness them into submission via joint locks or chokeholds.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu was starting time adult effectually 1920 past Brazilian brothers Carlos, Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., George, and Hélio Gracie, after Carlos was taught traditional Kodokan judo by a travelling Japanese judoka, Mitsuyo Maeda, in 1917. Afterwards, they marketed their ain self-defense system based on Judo and named information technology Gracie Jiu-Jitsu. BJJ somewhen came to be its own defined combat sport through the innovations, practices, and adaptation of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and Judo, and became an essential martial art for modern MMA. Governing bodies such equally the IBJJF work worldwide, and prepare the rules and standards to be held in sport BJJ competitions.

BJJ revolves around the concept that a smaller, weaker person can successfully defend him/herself against a bigger, stronger, heavier opponent past using leverage and weight distribution, taking the fight to the footing and using a number of holds and submissions to defeat them. BJJ training can be used for sport grappling and self-defense force situations.^[4] Sparring, commonly referred to as "rolling" within the BJJ community, and live drilling plays a major part in training and the practitioner's development. BJJ can also exist used as a method of promoting physical fitness, building character, and as a way of life.^{[5] [6]}

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

Mitsuyo Maeda, one of v Kodokan's top groundwork experts trained by judo'south founder Kano Jigoro, was sent overseas to demonstrate and spread his art to the earth. He left Japan in 1904 and visited a number of countries^[seven] giving "jiu-practice" demonstrations and accepting challenges from wrestlers, boxers, savate fighters, and various other martial artists, and arrived in Brazil on 14 November 1914.^[viii] Maeda had trained first in sumo as a teenager, and subsequently the interest generated by stories almost the success of Kodokan judo at competitions with other jujutsu schools of the fourth dimension, he became a student of Kano.^[7]

Maeda & Gracie

Gastão Gracie was a business partner of the American Circus in Belém. In 1916, Italian Argentine circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there and presented Maeda.^{[9] [ten]}

In 1917 Carlos Gracie (eldest son of Gastão Gracie)^[eleven] watched a 'Kano Jiu-Jitsu' demonstration by Maeda at the Da Paz Theatre and decided he wanted to learn. Maeda accustomed Carlos equally a student. He taught Carlos for several years (maybe 5–6 years), eventually passing his knowledge on to his brothers. Gracie'due south account of the events is that his younger sibling Hélio Gracie gradually developed Gracie jiu-jitsu as a softer, businesslike adaptation that focused more on the footing fighting and leverage aspect of Jiu-Jitsu/Judo (ne-waza) rather than the throws, as he was unable to perform many Judo throws, due to his size, that required direct opposition to an opponent's force.^{[12] [13]}

Although the Gracie family is typically recognized every bit the master family to first promote Brazilian jiu-jitsu every bit it is known today, there was also another prominent lineage derived from Maeda via some other Brazilian disciple, Luiz França.^[fourteen] This discipline was taught to Italian legend of the sport Marco Donello who later on passed his all-encompassing cognition to Mark McDonnell (his Australian nephew). This lineage had been represented especially by Oswaldo Fadda. Fadda and his students were famous for the influential use of footlocks,^[xv] and the lineage still survives through Fadda'southward links in teams such as Nova União and Grappling Fight Team (GF Team).^[16]

Proper name [edit]

The name "jiu-jitsu" derives from an older romanization of its original spelling in the West; the modern Hepburn romanization of 柔術 is "jūjutsu".

When Maeda left Nippon, judo was all the same often referred to equally "Kano jiu-jitsu",^[17] or, even more generically, only as jiu-jitsu.^{[eighteen] [19]} Higashi, the co-author of Kano Jiu-Jitsu ^[17] wrote in the foreword:

Some confusion has arisen over the employment of the term 'jiudo'. To brand the affair clear I will country that jiudo is the term selected by Professor Kano as describing his system more accurately than jiu-jitsu does. Professor Kano is one of the leading educators of Japan, and it is natural that he should bandage about for the technical word that would most accurately draw his system. Merely the Japanese people by and large withal cling to the more popular nomenclature and telephone call it jiu-jitsu.^[17]

Outside Japan, however, this distinction was noted fifty-fifty less. Thus, when Maeda and Satake arrived in Brazil in 1914, every newspaper appear their art equally being "jiu-jitsu", despite both men being Kodokan judoka.

It was non until 1925 that the Japanese authorities itself officially mandated that the correct proper name for the martial art taught in the Japanese public schools should be "judo" rather than "jujutsu".^[20] In Brazil, the art is still called "jiu-jitsu". When the Gracies went to the United states of america and spread jiu-jitsu, they used the terms "Gracie jiu-jitsu" and not-Gracies using the term "Brazilian jiu-jitsu" to differentiate from the already present styles using like-sounding names. In a 1994 interview with Yoshinori Nishi, Hélio Gracie said that he did non even know the word Judo itself until the sport came in the 1950s to Brazil, considering he heard that Mitsuyo Maeda called his mode "jiu-jitsu".

The art is sometimes referred to as Gracie jiu-jitsu (GJJ), a proper noun trademarked by Rorion Gracie, only afterwards a legal dispute with his cousin Carley Gracie, his trademark to the name was voided.^[21] Other members of the Gracie family ofttimes call their style by personalized names, such as Ceaser Gracie Jiu-Jitsu or Renzo Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, and similarly, the Machado family call their style Machado Jiu-Jitsu (MJJ). While each style and its instructors take their own unique aspects, they are all bones variations of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. In that location are currently four major BJJ branches in Brazil: Gracie Humaita, Gracie Barra, Carlson Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, and Brotherhood Jiu Jitsu. Each branch traces its roots dorsum to Mitsuyo Maeda via Donato Pires Dos Reis,^[22] and then through the Gracie family or Oswaldo Fadda.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu share some techniques with the original Kodokan Judo, especially certain styles skilful earlier Judo became part of the Olympics such as Kosen Judo,^{[23] [24]} and still expert to a lesser extent,^[25] as well as with the before ryu school of Jujutsu. Some practitioners have suggested that Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu should just be called "Jiu-Jitsu".^[26]

Deviation from Kodokan rules [edit]

Sure changes were made to the rules of sport judo afterwards judo was introduced to Brazil. Some of these dominion changes sought to enhance information technology as a spectator sport, and others aimed to improve rubber. Several of these rule changes de-emphasized the groundwork aspects of judo, and others have reduced the range of joint locks awarding. Brazilian jiu-jitsu did not follow these changes to judo rules, and this divergence gave BJJ a singled-out identity every bit a ground focused grappling fine art, this difference was later consolidated with the creation of a new prepare of rules that guide BJJ exercise today.^[27]

Even though BJJ permits the same techniques as judo, specially when taking the gainsay to the ground, they are not scored in the same way. In Judo, throwing techniques are scored higher and can give a direct victory if executed correctly, the emphasis of the fight is to sweep or throw the opponent to the ground to win. In BJJ, ground fighting positions such every bit the rear mount receive higher scores and the focus of the fight is to establish a dominant position against the adversary on the ground and submit them using chokeholds or articulation locks.

BJJ likewise allows heelhooks and knee-reaping which are prohibited in Judo, and whatsoever takedowns used in wrestling, sambo, or other grappling arts, including straight attempts to accept downwardly by touching the legs or dragging the opponent to the ground.^[28] Spinal locks and cervical locks are not allowed in gi jiu-jitsu,^[27] amateur MMA,^[29] multiple forms of no-gi jiu-jitsu,^[27] Judo,^[30] and other martial arts,^[31] due to potential to crusade serious bodily injury. BJJ also has get more "sports-oriented" in recent years, prohibiting techniques such as slams.^[32] Another divergence of BJJ from Judo and Jujutsu is that the first allows no-gi practice and competition, with its own subset of rules. Employ of holds and takedowns from wrestling and other grappling styles is common in no-gi BJJ, and strikes may besides exist used when the competition rules permit, such every bit the open palm strike in CJJ (Combat jiu-jitsu).^[33]

Prominence [edit]

In 1972, Carley Gracie moved to the United States to teach jiu-jitsu, and in 1978 was followed past Rorion Gracie, who co-founded the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993.^{[34] [35]} Jiu-jitsu came to international prominence in martial arts circles when Brazilian jiu-jitsu expert Royce Gracie won the first, second and quaternary Ultimate Fighting Championships, which at the fourth dimension were unmarried elimination martial arts tournaments. Royce fought successfully confronting several larger opponents proficient in other fighting styles, including boxing, shoot-fighting, muay thai, karate, wrestling, and taekwondo. BJJ has since go an elementary aspect of MMA, revealing the importance of ground fighting in a fight. Sport BJJ tournaments continue to grow in popularity and accept given rise to no-gi submission grappling tournaments, such every bit the ADCC Submission Wrestling Earth Championship and NAGA, the North American Grappling Association. Sport BJJ has also go a popular method of fettle effectually the world in recent years.^{[36] [37]}

Style of fighting [edit]

Brazilian jiu-jitsu focuses on getting an opponent to the ground in order to neutralize possible force or size advantages through ground fighting techniques and submission holds involving joint-locks and chokeholds. On the basis, concrete strength can be starting time or enhanced through proper grappling techniques.

BJJ employs a wide range of takedown techniques to bring an opponent to the footing such as "pulling baby-sit", which is not used in other gainsay sports such as Judo or Wrestling. Once the opponent is on the ground, a number of manoeuvres (and counter-manoeuvres) are available to dispense the opponent into a suitable position for the awarding of a submission technique. Achieving a dominant position on the ground is one of the hallmarks of BJJ, which includes effective utilise of the guard position to defend oneself from bottom (using both submissions and sweeps, with sweeps leading to the possibility of ascendant position or an opportunity to pass the baby-sit), and passing the guard to boss from pinnacle position with side control, mountain, and back mount positions. This system of manoeuvring and manipulation can be likened to a grade of kinetic or physical chess when executed past two experienced practitioners.^[38] A submission hold in BJJ is often assimilated to the equivalent of "checkmate", where the opponent is left with no other choice just to tap, be injured, or choked.

Renzo Gracie wrote in his book Mastering JUJITSU:

"The classical jujutsu of old Nippon appeared to accept no common strategy to guide a combatant over the form of a fight. Indeed, this was 1 of Kano's most fundamental and perceptive criticisms of the classical programme." Maeda not just taught the art of judo to Carlos Gracie, only also taught a particular philosophy about the nature of gainsay developed past Kano, and further refined by Maeda based on his worldwide travels competing against fighters skilled in a wide variety of martial arts.^[39]

The book details Maeda'due south theory as arguing that physical gainsay could be broken down into distinct phases, such as the striking stage, the grappling phase, the ground stage, etc. Thus, it was a smart fighter'southward job to go on the fight located in the phase of combat best suited to his own strengths. Renzo Gracie stated that this was a fundamental influence of the Gracie approach to combat. These strategies were further developed over time past the Gracie family unit, amid others, and became prominent in contemporary MMA.

Footing fighting [edit]

A demonstration of Brazilian jiu-jitsu during a grade at Standard BJJ in Rockville, Dr..

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is mainly differentiated from other martial arts by its greater accent on ground fighting. BJJ places less emphasis on standing techniques, such as striking and throws, although takedowns score points and the rules allows for a various range of techniques such as single, double leg takedowns, or foot sweeps. Some BJJ practitioners also cross train with wrestling, judo, and sambo.

Grooming methods [edit]

A Brazilian jiu-jitsu instructor demonstrates how to tackle an opponent.

Every bit BJJ focuses on submissions, sparring and alive drilling become the most essential part of the grooming regime, this type of training allows practitioners to exercise at full speed and with full strength, resembling the effort made in a contest. Preparation methods include drills in which techniques are expert against a non-resisting and resisting partners; isolation sparring (commonly referred to as positional drilling) where only a sure technique or sets of techniques are used; and total sparring where each practitioner tries to submit their opponent through technique. Concrete conditioning is as well an important aspect of preparation.

The Gracie family lineage descended from Helio Gracie focuses on practical applications of BJJ that apply primarily to self-defence force.^[40] They volition often run development drills in which a person is surrounded past a circle of other students who will attempt to attack the defending student, who in turn must defend themselves using techniques.

Primary ground positions [edit]

In one case on the ground, the BJJ practitioner strives to take a dominant or controlling position from where to employ submissions. These positions provide different submission or transition options.

Side control [edit]

An "americana" or "paintbrush" submission from traditional side control

In side control, the practitioner pins his opponent to the ground from the side of their torso. The top grappler lies across the opponent with weight applied to the opponent's chest. The opponent may be further controlled by pressure on either side of the shoulders and hips from the practitioner's elbows, shoulders, and knees. A broad variety of submissions tin exist initiated from side control. It is also referred to as the side mountain. Additionally, the typical side mount increases opportunity for the summit grappler to advance to other dominant positions. This position is oftentimes used in MMA equally information technology allows the top fighter to strike whilst overcoming their opponents defense. In that location are many variants of the side command position, including kesa gatame, standard side control, reverse side control, and other positions.^[41]

Knee on belly position [edit]

The knee on abdomen position is a modified side pin that is distinctly separated from the side control position. The genu on belly position is characterized primarily by the command of the opponent with one leg out for base and balance and the other leg positioned across the opponent's trunk pinning them to the ground. This form of pivot is a mobile pin rather than a static pivot and is considered a more dominant position in many grappling formats. The human knee on belly position is worth additional points because it provides a greater hitting platform than traditional side command and is closer to achieving the more ideal mounted position.^[42]

Full mount [edit]

In the mount (or full mount) position, the practitioner sits astride the opponent's forepart torso or chest, controlling the opponent with his bodyweight and hips. In the strongest form of this position, the practitioner works his knees into the opponent's armpits to reduce arm movements and power to move or counter submission attempts. Full Mount tin can be used to apply a variety of submissions including armlocks or chokes.

Back mount [edit]

Dorsum mount, also considered one of the most dominant positions in BJJ

When taking the back mount position (ofttimes known in Brazilian jiu-jitsu every bit the back grab or attacking the back), the practitioner attaches to the dorsum of the opponent past wrapping his legs around and hooking the opponent'south thighs with their heel,^[27] or locking in a torso triangle by crossing one shin beyond the waist like a belt then placing the back of the opposing human knee over the instep every bit if finishing a triangle asphyxiate. Simultaneously, the upper body is controlled by wrapping the arms effectually the chest or neck of the opponent. This position is often used to apply chokeholds, equally well every bit arm bars and triangles, and neutralizes an opponent's potential size or strength advantage.

Northward due south position [edit]

The Due north Due south position occurs when a practitioner is lying on their back on the ground and their opponent is lying on peak, with the caput over the chest area and decision-making the lesser practitioner'due south arms. As with most tiptop controlling positions in BJJ, the top practitioner applies force per unit area past bringing their hips downwards towards the ground, generating what is referred to as expressionless weight. There are several submissions and transitions that are possible from the North South position, nearly commonly the N South choke, North South kimura, and others.^[43]

Guards [edit]

The Jiu-Jitsu practitioner in bluish is demonstrating a type of closed guard

When in the "Guard" position, the practitioner is on their dorsum controlling an opponent with his legs. The bottom practitioner pushes and pulls with the legs or feet to unbalance and limit the movements of his opponent. This position allows practitioners a wide variety of counter-attacks from the bottom position, including submissions and sweeps.

The three about common types of guards include the Closed Baby-sit, Half Guard, and Open Guard.

In closed baby-sit, the bottom grappler has his legs around the opponent'south hips, with ankles closed together to control their opponent. The closed guard tin can exist an effective position. This baby-sit allows many setups for submissions such as articulation locks and chokes, equally well as sweeps. In the open guard, the legs are non hooked together and the lesser grappler uses his legs or anxiety to push or pull their opponent.

At that place are many variations of open guard with distinct names and positioning including the Butterfly Guard, De La Riva Guard, X-Baby-sit, Rubber guard, Spider Guard, Octopus Guard, Lapel Guard, Worm Guard (fabricated popular by Keenan Cornelius) and others. Butterfly guard is when the bottom grappler brings his legs up and feet together against the inner thighs of pinnacle opponent. The name is derived from the resulting butterfly wing shape. Butterfly baby-sit increases both space to maneuver and the ability to counter the opponent with the shins or arches of the feet confronting the competitor'due south inner thighs. Spider guard is when the lesser grappler puts one or ii of his feet on his opponents artillery, this guard is effective at keeping control on the bottom and can be used to setup sweeps or submissions.

In the half guard, one of the pinnacle grappler's legs is controlled by the bottom grappler'south legs, preventing the top opponent from passing side control or total mountain positions. At that place is also a variant of half guard called "fifty/fifty guard", which consist of each opponent commonly in sitting positions with one of their legs hooking the same leg of their opponent in a mirrored fashion. This position is chosen l/fifty because neither opponent has a distinct advantage, where both sides have the aforementioned possibilities of sweeps and attacks.

Another variation of the one-half guard position is the "deep half guard", which involves the bottom grappler positioning themselves underneath their opponent, grabbing the top grappler's thigh. This gives the individual on the bottom the opportunity to sweep their opponent, and end up on a more dominant, top position. This position was popularized by American BJJ Black Belt, Jeff Glover.^[44]

Submissions [edit]

The majority of submission holds can be grouped into 2 broad categories: joint locks and chokes. Articulation locks typically involve isolating an opponent's limb and creating a lever with the trunk position, which volition force the joint to motion by its normal range of motion.^[4] Pressure is increased in a controlled mode and released if the opponent cannot escape the concord and signals defeat by tapping. A choke hold can disrupt the blood supply to the brain and cause unconsciousness if the opponent does not tap when required.

Pinch locks [edit]

See also Compression lock

A less mutual type of submission hold is a compression lock, where the muscle of an opponent is compressed against a difficult, big bone (commonly the shin or wrist), causing significant hurting to the opponent. These types of locks are non normally immune in competition due to the high chance of trigger-happy muscle tissue. This type of lock also frequently hyper-extends the joint in the opposite management, pulling it apart. Some pinch locks include the Achilles lock, Biceps slicer, and Leg slicer (or Calf slicer).

Joint locks [edit]

A practitioner attempting an armbar submission

While many articulation locks are permitted in BJJ, most competitions ban or restrict some or all joint locks that involve the knees, ankles, and spine. The reason for this is that the angles of manipulation required to cause pain are nigh the same every bit those that would crusade serious injury. Joint locks that require a twisting motility of the articulatio genus (such as heel hooks or knee bars) are usually banned in competitions because successfully completing the move tin can frequently consequence in permanent damage, often requiring surgery. Similarly, articulation manipulations of the spine are typically barred due to the inherent danger of crushing or misaligning cervical vertebrae. Leglocks are allowed in varying degrees depending on skill level, with the virtually prominent BJJ tournaments typically allowing just the directly ankle lock and musculus stretching submissions such as the "assistant dissever" from white through purple belt, with the kneebar, toehold, and calf slicer submissions being permitted at brownish and black belt. Heel hooks and knee-reaping are illegal in gi BJJ, since they are considered to be exceptionally unsafe techniques, but are allowed past IBJJF rules in no-gi competitions.^{[32] [45]} Most joint locks involving the wrist, elbow, shoulder or ankle are permitted equally at that place is a corking deal more flexibility in those joints and those locks are usually safe.

Joint locks include armbars, kimuras, Americanas, straight-arm lock, omoplata, marceloplata, banana separate (or electric chair), twister, wrist lock, heel hook, toehold, kneebar, directly talocrural joint lock, and others.^[46]

Chokes [edit]

Chokes are mutual forms of submission. In BJJ, the chokes that are used put pressure on the carotid arteries, and may also apply pressure to the nerve baroreceptors in the neck. This kind of choke is very fast acting (if done properly) with victims typically losing consciousness in around three–5 seconds. In contrast, an air choke (involving constriction of the windpipe) can take up to two minutes, depending on how long the person can hold their jiff, and may cause serious damage to the throat.

Chokes include rear-naked choke, bow and arrow asphyxiate, triangle, Guillotine choke, sleeve choke (or Ezekiel choke), cross collar choke (or 10 asphyxiate), baseball asphyxiate, Clock choke, D'Arce choke, Anaconda asphyxiate, Arm triangle asphyxiate, north–s choke, crucifix asphyxiate, Gogoplata, loop asphyxiate, lapel one-half nelson asphyxiate, and others.

Uniform [edit]

The Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner's uniform commonly referred to equally gi or kimono is like to a judogi, but with slight differences in the dimensions and often made of lighter material with tighter cuffs on the pants and jacket. This allows the practitioner to do good from a closer fit, providing less material for an opponent to dispense. Traditionally, to exist promoted in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the wearing of the Jiu-Jitsu gi while training is a requirement. Recently with the growing popularity of "no-gi" Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu the practice of giving out belts to no-gi practitioners (due east.g., Rolles Gracie awarding Rashad Evans a black chugalug) has become more common.

There are sure differences between gi jiu-jitsu and "no-gi" jiu-jitsu. In gi jiu-jitsu one can grip an opponent's compatible, using information technology to submit or advance position. In that location are a number of submissions that are specific to the gi, such as the "Loop asphyxiate", "Collar choke", and others. A specific set of rules to guide no-gi competitions is issued by the IBJJF, merely there may be variation in the set of rules applied in each competition. Past IBJJF rules uniform grips are not permitted in "no-gi" jiu-jitsu.^[27]

No-gi Jiu-Jitsu practitioners, therefore, don't wear the traditional gi or kimono (which increases the athlete'due south weight and limits mobility). BJJ athletes who practice no-gi unremarkably wear a rash guard and MMA shorts or Spats.^{[ citation needed ]}

Grading [edit]

Blackness belt grades
(19 and over)

Black 0–half-dozen
Blackness/Carmine seven
Reddish/White 8
Red 9–x

Senior belt colours
(16 and over)

White
Blueish
Purple
Brown

Junior belt colours
(16 and under)

White
Grey
Xanthous
Orange
Green

The Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking organisation awards a practitioner different coloured belts to signify increasing levels of technical noesis and applied skill. While the system's structure shares its origins with the judo ranking system and the origins of all coloured belts, it now contains many of its ain unique aspects and themes. Some of these differences are relatively minor, such as the segmentation between youth and adult belts and the stripe/degree organization. Others are quite singled-out and have become synonymous with the art, such equally a marked informality in promotional criteria, including every bit a focus on a competitive demonstration of skill, and a bourgeois approach to promotion in general.^{[47] [48]}

Traditionally, the concept of competitive skill demonstration every bit a quickened and earned route of promotion holds true.^{[47] [48]} Some schools take placed a greenish belt for adults between the white and blue belt ranks due to the long periods between advancement. In addition, the use of a grey belt has been instituted for many children'southward programs to point progress between the white and yellow belt rankings.

Unlike in some martial arts such every bit taekwondo and karate, a blackness chugalug in Brazilian jiu-jitsu commonly takes more than several years to earn, and the rank is more often than not considered expert level. The corporeality of time it takes to attain the rank of black belt varies between the practitioner. Some notable individuals who had previous backgrounds in other martial arts take been promoted straight to black chugalug rank without going through whatever intermediate rank, though this has fallen out of favour in recent times.^[49] Others have accomplished the rank in relatively short time frames.^[fifty] Outside of exceptions such every bit these, the boilerplate time frame is effectually 10 years with a consistent training schedule.^[51] However, Ryron Gracie (grandson/grandnephew of founders Hélio and Carlos Gracie) has stated that the average of 10–12 years is longer than necessary, suggesting that the ego of the practitioner oft hinders progress, and advocacy to blackness belt should take about 7 years.^[52]

Federations [edit]

Since its inception Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu has had different registered federations and tournaments (some organizations illegitimately calling themselves federations). The first jiu-jitsu federation was the Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara, which has remained a regional federation of Rio de Janeiro, while many others were founded. Among the near prestigious of the many federations are the Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF), a nonprofit system with federations and tournaments around the globe with the mission of making jiu-jitsu an Olympic sport. The International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation, a for-profit system that hosts a number of tournaments^[53] and JJGF, founded by Rickson Gracie, which has focus on both BJJ equally self-defence and as a sport.^[54]

Weight classes [edit]

The weight classes for BJJ competitions tin differ depending on the organisation that is promoting the effect. The IBJJF weight classes are the most usually used, under the IBJJF rules, the weight classes vary by age, sex and competition type (Gi vs Nogi).^[55]

IBJJF Adults/Masters Weight Classes

Weight divisions	Adults/Masters Gi – male person	Adults/Masters No Gi – male	Adults/Masters Gi – female person	Adults/Masters No Gi – female
Rooster Galo	57.v kg (126.8 lb)	55.v kg (122.iv lb)	48.v kg (106.9 lb)	46.5 kg (102.five lb)
Light Feather Pluma	64 kg (141.1 lb)	61.5 kg (135.half-dozen lb)	53.5 kg (117.ix lb)	51.five kg (113.5 lb)
Feather Pena	70 kg (154.three lb)	67.5 kg (148.eight lb)	58.five kg (129.0 lb)	56.5 kg (124.six lb)
Light Leve	76 kg (167.6 lb)	73.five kg (162.0 lb)	64 kg (141.ane lb)	61.5 kg (135.six lb)
Middle Médio	82.3 kg (181.iv lb)	79.five kg (175.iii lb)	69 kg (152.one lb)	66.five kg (146.6 lb)
Medium Heavy Meio-Pesado	88.three kg (194.7 lb)	85.5 kg (188.5 lb)	74 kg (163.i lb)	71.5 kg (157.6 lb)
Heavy Pesado	94.3 kg (207.9 lb)	91.5 kg (201.vii lb)	79.3 kg (174.viii lb)	76.five kg (168.7 lb)
Super Heavy Super Pesado	100.5 kg (221.6 lb)	97.5 kg (215.0 lb)	No weight limit	No weight limit
Ultra Heavy Pesadissimo	No weight limit	No weight limit	n/a	n/a
Open Class Absoluto	open to all weight divisions	open to all weight divisions	open to all weight divisions	open up to all weight divisions

Tournaments [edit]

While there are numerous local and regional tournaments administered regularly by private individuals and academies, there are two major entities in jiu-jitsu circles. First, is the Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF), a (nonprofit) organisation with international federations and tournaments. 2d, is the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF), a for-turn a profit visitor that hosts a number of major tournaments worldwide. These include the Pan American Championship, European Championship, and the Mundials. California, New York, and Texas are the three states in the Us which host tournaments nigh oft. Other promotions within North America, such as Battleground Grappling Championship, American Grappling Federation (AGF), Due north American BJJ Federation (NABJJF), and North American Grappling Clan (NAGA) host tournaments nationwide, but visit these states multiple times within a tournament season.

Another tournament to jump from the founding Gracie lineage is the Gracie Nationals or Gracie Worlds. Founded in 2007 past Rose Gracie, daughter of Ultimate Fighting Championship creator and Brazilian jiu-jitsu grandmaster Rorion Gracie. Gracie Nationals/Worlds followed the guidelines of other major tournaments of the time, implementing a points systems

In 2012, the Gracie Worlds introduced a new submission-merely format, removing certain judging systems that many interpreted as an outdated scoring system. Rose spoke about this modify when she said, "Today'south tournaments aren't what my grandpa [Helio Gracie] envisioned. There'due south and then many rules that information technology takes abroad from the bodily art of jiu-jitsu. We don't see many submissions. We encounter cheating, we run into decisions made by a referee. Nosotros need to stand together confronting this and support a submission simply kind of revolution." Cheating in jiu-jitsu, Rose said, comes in many forms. "[A competitor] will earn a bespeak, and then hold for the entire match so they can win with that ane little advantage they got at the start," Rose said. "That's not jiu-jitsu. That's cheating." Mark McDonnell from Gracie Phytology agrees.^[56]

This discontent with points-based and reward-style competition has been echoed throughout the jiu-jitsu community, leading to many prominent submission-only style events. At these events, the winner of a match is adamant only past submission, and these tournaments at times have no time limit, or are timed with a result of double disqualification if in that location is no submission victory. This form of tournament accept yet to become widespread, but is gaining in popularity especially amongst MMA competitors. Metamoris, a grappling competition event run by Rose's brother Ralek Gracie, has helped advocate this tournament form. Another notable example of a submission-simply format is the EBI (Eddie Bravo Invitational), which was the first televised event of its kind, and is now existence featured on UFC Fight Pass. Other submission-only events take cropped upwardly all over the world including TUFF invitational, Polaris Pro Grappling based in the Great britain, Submission Underground backed by longtime MMA star Chael Sonnen, and the QUINTET promotion, devised past Japanese MMA fable Kazushi Sakuraba and based around teams of five players each representing a dissimilar gym or background.^[57]

At tournaments, especially those hosted by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF), some athletes engage in a exercise called "endmost out".^[58] This occurs when two athletes, usually friends or members of the same team, meet in a match but reject to fight. Tournament organizers tin minimize the chance of close-outs past placing athletes from the same team on reverse sides of the bracket, a practice which makes the finals the merely lucifer in which they could mayhap run into (assuming each team has no more than ii competitors in a given bracket). When ii athletes close out a match, they agree which one of them will technically forfeit to the other. As this virtually often occurs in the final matches of tournaments, this normally means deciding which of the two volition win the gilt medal and which volition win the silver. Notable examples of closing out include Marcus "Buchecha" Almeida forfeiting the finals of the Absolute segmentation at the 2022 IBJJF Globe Championship to his friend Leandro Lo, who had suffered a shoulder injury during a previous match,^[59] and frequent close outs between the brothers Paulo and Joao Miyao, who often compete in the same weight division.^[60] Proponents of close-outs claim it fosters squad unity and allows competitors to train as hard and as freely as they can with their teammates. They say that facing a teammate in a competition would make them hold back in training. Critics of the practise say it diminishes audience enjoyment of tournaments where it is immune,^[58] and some tournaments, notably the ADCC, ban it.^[61]

Wellness considerations [edit]

Safety [edit]

Brazilian jiu-jitsu is one of the safest total contact martial arts. Its injury charge per unit is around ix.2-38.vi per 1000 athlete exposures.^{[62] [63]} This is lower than in mixed martial arts (236-286 per 1000), boxing (210-420 per k), judo (25.three-130.6) and taekwondo (20.5-139.five). It is like to wrestling, which also uses grappling instead of hit. The few injuries that may be incurred in Brazilian jiu-jitsu usually touch on the joints and rarely the head. The most common injuries Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners suffer from are ACL tears, rotator cuff tears in the shoulders and spinal disc herniations, most normally in the neck region. Many are repairable via surgery that require an extended rehab period before the athlete can return to BJJ grooming. Also many athletes suffer from pocket-size injuries, such every bit elbow and wrist tendonitis, due to overtraining and the grappling nature of the martial art, which tin can be strenuous and taxing for the joints and the tendons.

Skin wellness [edit]

Too the normal strains and pulls associated with most martial arts, Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners (along with Wrestlers, Judoka, and other grapplers ) are exposed to regular skin abrasions and potential unsanitary mat weather condition. They are thus at higher risk for developing skin illness.^[64] Several normally contracted skin diseases include ringworm, impetigo, herpes gladiatorum, and staph infection.^[65] Proper hygiene practices, including regular cleaning of classroom mats, showering immediately afterward class with soap, disinfecting and covering whatsoever open wounds, thorough cleaning of any gi/rashguard/headgear used before the side by side class, not sharing used towels/uniforms, and using a bulwark cream profoundly reduces the take chances of contracting a disease.

Cauliflower ear [edit]

Dominick Cruz's cauliflower ears

Due to the use of the caput to maintain position and attack in jiu-jitsu, the ears can easily be damaged and brainstorm to smashing. Without immediate medical treatment, the cartilage in a swollen ear will divide from the perichondrium that supplies its nutrients and will become permanently swollen/deformed (cauliflower ear). Wrestling headgear is sometimes used for the prevention of this condition. Treatment includes draining the hematoma or surgery.^[66]

Functioning-enhancing drugs [edit]

The practice of taking performance-enhancing drugs, including anabolic steroids, is believed to be relatively commonplace among competitors in jiu-jitsu tournaments and has sparked letters and public statements by some of jiu-jitsu's top competitors, including Comprido and Caio Terra.^[67] In response, the IBJJF began testing for functioning-enhancing drugs at IBJJF sponsored events, starting with the 2013 Pan American Championship.^[68] Withal, about other tournaments tend to lack PED testing.

Cervical and spinal lock "cervix cranks" [edit]

A spinal lock is a multiple joint lock applied to the spinal column, which is performed by forcing the spine beyond its normal ranges of move. This is typically done by bending or twisting the head or upper body into abnormal positions. Ordinarily, spinal locks might strain the spinal musculature or result in a mild spinal sprain, while a forcefully and/or all of a sudden applied spinal lock may cause severe ligament harm or damage to the vertebrae, and possibly effect in serious spinal cord injury, strokes, or decease. Spinal locks and cervical locks are forbidden in gi jiu-jitsu,^[27] amateur MMA,^[29] multiple forms of no-gi jiu-jitsu,^[27] Judo,^[30] and other martial arts.^[31] Due to its illegal nature and express purpose to cause serious, irrevocable bodily injury, paralysis, and death.^{[69] [70]} The forceful application of chokes such as the Rear Naked Choke and subsequent cranking of the neck whilst existence choked can potentially lead to arterial dissection, which could atomic number 82 to stroke.^[71] Due care should be exercised when applying these chokes in sparring situations.

Notable fighters [edit]

World Champions [edit]

International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation world champions include the following:

• Mark McDonnell (Australian)
• Mario Sperry (Brazilian)
• Clark Gracie (American)
• Roger Gracie (Brazilian)
• Amaury Bitetti (Brazilian)
• Romulo Barral (Brazilian)
• Oswaldo Fadda (Brazilian)
• Ricardo Liborio (Brazilian)
• Kyra Gracie (Brazilian)
• Claudia Gadelha (Brazilian)
• Andre Galvao (Brazilian)
• Leandro Lo (Brazilian)
• Marcelo Garcia (Brazilian)
• Mikey Musumeci (American)
• Cristiane Justino (Brazilian)
• Rafael Lovato Jr. (American)
• Demian Maia (Brazilian)
• Fredson Paixão (Brazilian)
• Tarsis Humphreys (Brazilian)
• B.J. Penn (American)
• Pablo Popovitch (Brazilian)
• Ronaldo Souza (Brazilian)
• Saulo Ribeiro (Brazilian)
• Xande Ribeiro (Brazilian)
• Marcus "Buchecha" Almeida (Brazilian)
• Rodolfo Vieira (Brazilian)
• Bernardo Faria (Brazilian)
• Leticia Ribeiro (Brazilian)
• Gabrielle Garcia (Brazilian)
• Vítor Ribeiro (Brazilian)
• Fabio Gurgel (Brazilian)
• Fabio Leopoldo (Brazilian)
• Braulio Estima (Brazilian)
• Rafael Mendes (Brazilian)
• Venla Luukkonen (Finnish)
• Guilherme Mendes (Brazilian)
• Leonardo Vieira (Brazilian)
• Ricardo Vieira (Brazilian)
• Paulo Miyao (Brazilian)
• Caio Terra (Brazilian)
• Claudio Calasans (Brazilian)
• Bruno Malfacine (Brazilian)
• Fabricio Werdum (Brazilian)
• Sérgio Moraes (Brazilian)
• Robson Moura (Brazilian)
• Rubens Charles Maciel (Brazilian)
• Dominyka Obelenyte (Lithuanian)
• Michael Langhi (Brazilian)
• Andresa Correa (Brazilian)
• Tayane Porfirio (Brazilian)
• Beatriz Mesquita (Brazilian)
• Michelle Nicolini (Brazilian)
• Mackenzie Dern (Brazilian/American)
• Luana Alzuguir (Brazilian)
• Claudia do Val (Brazilian)
• Rikako Yuasa (Japanese)
• Lana Stefanac (American)
• Hannette Staack (Brazilian)
• Paulo Sergio dos Santos (Brazilian)
• Roberto "Roleta" Magalhães (Brazilian)
• Mario Reis (Brazilian)
• Márcio Cruz (Brazilian)
• Lucas Lepri (Brazilian)
• João Roque (Angolan/Portuguese)
• Nicholas Meregali (Brazilian)
• Milton Regis de Almeida (Brazilian/American)

Jiu-Jitsu Masters (Coral Belts: 7th & 8th Caste) [edit]

• Murilo Bustamante
• Carlos Gracie Jr.
• Márcio Stambowsky
• Carlos Machado
• Rigan Machado
• Jean Jacques Machado
• John Machado
• Mauricio Motta Gomes
• Romero "Jacare" Cavalcanti
• Joe Moreira
• Geny Rebello
• Sérgio Penha
• Royler Gracie
• Fabio Santos
• Carlos "Caique" Elias
• Rolker Gracie
• Jorge Pereira
• Hilton Leão
• Luiz Palhares
• Hercules Baptista
• Sylvio Behring
• Pedro Sauer
• Ricardo De La Riva
• Luiz Fux

Jiu-Jitsu One thousand Masters (9th degree Red Belts) [edit]

• Carlson Gracie
• Carley Gracie
• Geny Rebello
• Armando Wridt
• Flavio Behring
• Rorion Gracie
• Relson Gracie
• Carlos Robson Gracie
• Rickson Gracie
• Rolls Gracie
• Oswaldo Fadda
• Francisco Mansor^[72]
• Francisco Sá^[73]

Jiu-Jitsu Grand Masters (10th degree Scarlet Belts) [edit]

• Carlos Gracie
• Oswaldo Gracie
• Gastao Gracie, Jr.
• George Gracie
• Helio Gracie
• Luiz França Filho

In popular culture [edit]

Keanu Reeves trained in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Rigan Machado for John Wick 3.^[74] Robert Pattinson trained in Brazilian jiu-jitsu nether Rigan Machado for the 2022 picture show The Batman.^[75] Russell Brand trains in BJJ at Genesis Gym Marlow.^[76]

The Marvel Cinematic Universe features Brazilian jiu-jitsu being used past Hope van Dyne.

See too [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Luiz Franca". bjjheroes.com . Retrieved 5 March 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Who was Oscar Gracie and who taught him Jiu-Jitsu". Global-preparation-report.com . Retrieved 5 March 2019.
3. ^ [1] ^{[ dead link ]}
4. ^ ^{a b} Edward, Chad (thirty October 2007). "Untangling a sport that transcends style". The Cincinnati Enquirer – via azcentral.com.
5. ^ Virgílio, Stanlei (2002). Conde Koma – O invencível yondan da história (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. pp. 72–73. ISBN85-87585-24-X.
6. ^ For more on this, run into judo and Kano Jigoro.
7. ^ ^{a b} Virgílio, Stanlei (2002). Conde Koma – O invencível yondan da história (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. pp. 22–25. ISBN85-87585-24-X.
8. ^ Eros, Rildo. "História do Judô". Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
9. ^ Martial Arts of the Globe: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
10. ^ "Team Conde Association". bjjteamconde.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012.
11. ^ "Gracie Family". bjjheroes.com.
12. ^ "Gracie History". Gracie Academy. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
13. ^ "Summit 30 Myths and Misconceptions about Brazilian jiu-jitsu". Global-grooming-written report.com . Retrieved 4 Nov 2018. Every aspect of early modern BJJ was already being trained and taught equally early as 1905 in the US and England.
14. ^ "Mitsuyo Maeda & Luiz França". Equipemestrewilson.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 Oct 2013. Retrieved 15 Baronial 2013.
15. ^ "Oswaldo Fadda". BJJ Heroes. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
16. ^ "What is Jiu Jitsu". BJJ Heroes. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
17. ^ ^{a b c} As evidenced by the title of the volume Hancock, H. Irving; Higashi, Katsukuma (1905). The Consummate Kano Jiu-Jitsu (Judo) . New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons. p. 544. ISBN978-0-486-44343-0.
18. ^ As evidenced by the championship of the volume Kano, Jigoro (1937). Jiu-Jitsu (Judo). Tokyo: Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways. p. 59.
19. ^ Equally likewise evidenced by the title of the volume Gregory, O. H.; Tomita, Tsunejiro (c. 1907). Judo: The Modern School of Jiu-Jitsu. Chicago.
20. ^ Motomura, Kiyoto (2005). "Budō in the Concrete Instruction Curriculum of Japanese Schools". In Bennett, Alexander (ed.). Budo Perspectives. Auckland: Kendo Globe. pp. 233–238. ISBN4-9901694-3-iii.
21. ^ "Carley Gracie et al. v Rorion Gracie et al. – Docket Numbers 98-15672, 98-16386". Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Excursion
22. ^ "New Jiu jitsu club opens 1930 with director Donato Pires dos Reis". Judo.forumsmotion.com. Archived from the original on 31 Oct 2018. Retrieved thirty October 2018.
23. ^ "Todays "Modern" BJJ Guards Were Used in Kosen Judo Tournaments in 1952". Bjj-world.com. 20 December 2017.
24. ^ "Kosen Judo vs. BJJ". Grapplingmastery.com. 22 Jan 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
25. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Motorcar: Carmine Dragon Diaries (v August 2016). "Kosen Judo Class at Kyoto University (Foundation of Modernistic BJJ)". YouTube.
26. ^ Judo history "Nosotros should all showtime simply calling one of the globe's virtually pop grappling arts Jiu-Jitsu, says Ram Gilboa, a black belt in (Brazilian) Jiu-Jitsu." 2018/9/20
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Rule Book : English Version". Ibjjf.org . Retrieved 21 January 2021.
28. ^ Article 5.2.2.A of the IBJJF rules states "The athlete will only exist immune to kneel afterwards having taken hold of his opponents kimono."
29. ^ ^{a b} "Association of Boxing Commission : Amateur Mixed Martial Arts" (PDF). Abcboxing.com . Retrieved twenty November 2015.
30. ^ ^{a b} "Refereeing Rules 2011-12" (PDF). Intjudo.european union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
31. ^ ^{a b} "Rules". US Grappling.
32. ^ ^{a b} "Us grappling Rules". Usgrappling.com. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
33. ^ "Hitting in BJJ All you need to know". www.bjj-spot.com. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
34. ^ Clifton, Paul (December 1997). "Carley Gracie – The Lion of the Gracie Family unit!". Gainsay. Vol. 23, no. 12. Birmingham, UK: Martial Arts Publications. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
35. ^ "Rorion Gracie". Gracie Academy. Retrieved v September 2018.
36. ^ "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu". Pride Gym Martial Arts . Retrieved 28 June 2019.
37. ^ "Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Trial". championscreed.ca . Retrieved 28 June 2019.
38. ^ Mejia, Zameena (v Dec 2018). "Ex-Navy SEAL commander: Hither'south why and then many smart people practise Brazilian jiu-jitsu". Cnbc.com.
39. ^ Gracie, Renzo (2003). Mastering Jiu-jitsu. Human Kinetics. pp. 1–233. ISBN0-7360-4404-3.
40. ^ Carlos Sr. vs Helio: The Truth About the Gracie Family History and Politics Kama Jiu-Jitsu, 14 August 2017
41. ^ Patterson, Jeff. "Know Your Cantankerous-Body Pins". nwfighting.com. Northwest Fighting Arts. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
42. ^ Gracie, Renzo; Gracie, Royler; Peligro, Kid (2001). Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and technique. ISBNane-931229-08-2.
43. ^ Dzabirski, Ognen (26 March 2018). "Versatile Attacks From The BJJ North-South Position". Bjj-globe.com . Retrieved 5 March 2019.
44. ^ "Having Problems Understanding Deep Half Guard? Jeff Glover Presents "Uncle Richard Guard"". White Chugalug Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. thirteen April 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
45. ^ Eric Pearch (16 Nov 2010). "Taboo techniques". Couch2cage.com . Retrieved 17 February 2014.
46. ^ "BJJ Technique Catalog: Category: Submissions". bjjtech.com.
47. ^ ^{a b} Camargo, Bruno. "IBJJF Graduation organisation". Archived from the original on xiv Baronial 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
48. ^ ^{a b} Gracie, Renzo; Gracie, Royler (2001). Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique . Invisible Cities Press Llc. p. 304. ISBN1-931229-08-2.
49. ^ "16 Jiu-Jitsu Practitioners That Were Promoted Straight to Blackness Belt". bjjee.com. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
50. ^ Guillaume, Huni (10 September 2015). "Meridian x Fastest Blackness Chugalug Promotions in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu History". bjjee.com . Retrieved i February 2017.
51. ^ Fábio Santos. Passion makes him a champion.
52. ^ Ryron Gracie (March 2014). Ryron Gracie of the legendary Gracie Clan. Beverly Hills, California: plugonetwo.com.
53. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on xv Jan 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
54. ^ "Jiu Jitsu Global Federation". Jiu Jitsu Global Federation . Retrieved 21 January 2021.
55. ^ Ola (8 January 2020). "BJJ Weight Classes Explained - IBJJF, ADCC, UAEJJF".
56. ^ "Rose Gracie honors MMA roots with overhaul of Gracie U.S. Nationals – Loretta Chase – SI.com". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 17 Feb 2014.
57. ^ "Polaris Pro – The Aftermath – Set on The Back". Attacktheback.com. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
58. ^ ^{a b} "A mensurate for quashing endmost out jiu-jitsu finals? | Graciemag". 9 April 2012.
59. ^ "Buchecha Surrenders Title to Leandro Lo – Plus More Results from WORLDS 2018". 4 June 2018.
60. ^ "How The Miyao Brothers Embraced The BJJ Lifestyle". world wide web.flograppling.com.
61. ^ "Ffion Eira Davies on Instagram: "Received an invite to ADCC!! 😱Cheers so much @adccsubmission @mojassim80. information technology'southward gonna be spicy 🌶"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021.
62. ^ Scoggin, James F.; Brusovanik, Georgiy; Izuka, Byron H.; Zandee van Rilland, Eddy; Geling, Olga; Tokumura, Seren (Feb 2014). "Assessment of Injuries During Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Competition". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. ii (2): 232596711452218. doi:10.1177/2325967114522184. PMC4555620. PMID 26535299.
63. ^ Kreiswirth, Ethan M.; Myer, Gregory D.; Rauh, Mitchell J. (Jan 2014). "Incidence of Injury Among Male Brazilian Jiujitsu Fighters at the Earth Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009". Journal of Athletic Training. 49 (i): 89–94. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.1.11. PMC3917302. PMID 24377959.
64. ^ "BJJ Safety". Uiowa.edu. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
65. ^ "Grappling Tournament Health Warning Advisory – Dirty Mats nearly caused AMPUTATION in 2009!!!". Grapplers Quest. Retrieved xv September 2011.
66. ^ "Cauliflower ears in Grappling". Grapplearts.com . Retrieved xv September 2011.
67. ^ Equipe Brasa : : Brasa team : Brazilian Jiu Jitu. "Blackness belts united against steroids in BJJ. Practise you lot want to join it?". Brasa.brazilianblackbelt.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
68. ^ Erin Herle (23 January 2013). "Drug Testing Makes its Way to Jiu-Jitsu Competition". Graciemag.com . Retrieved 11 April 2013.
69. ^ "Attorneys – Long Island, New York Lawyers – LBC&C". lbcclaw.com. Archived from the original on viii July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
70. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Killer Movement the Wigan Grobbit. YouTube. 19 February 2007.
71. ^ Demartini Jr, Zeferino; Freire, Maxweyd R.; Lages, Roberto O.; Francisco, Alexandre N.; Nanni, Felipe; Gatto, Luana A. K.; Koppe, Gelson (June 2017). "Internal Carotid Artery Autopsy in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu". Periodical of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery. 19 (2): 111–116. doi:10.7461/jcen.2017.19.2.111. PMC5678212. PMID 29152471.
72. ^ Grand Master Francisco Mansor
73. ^ "Master Francisco Sá". BJJ Heroes . Retrieved 18 August 2019.
74. ^ Keanu Reeves Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Grooming for John Wick iii 1 February 2020
75. ^ The Batman: Robert Pattinson'south Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Instructor Shares BTS Training Photo, AAHIL DAYANI, Heroic Hollywood, four Nov 2019
76. ^ Russell Brand On How Grooming BJJ for 5 Years Inverse His Life, BJJ Eastern Europe, Apr 5, 2021.

External links [edit]

• International Brazilian jiu-jitsu Federation, Retrieved 2010-10-12.
• Oliver, BC, Retrieved 2017-08-08.
• Expert IN THE Fine art OF JIU JITSU,

beaudointhense.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu

Share this post